Approximately only 45% glass waste gets recycled in India every year.
Because glass does not decompose, it is important to recycle it. Glass is almost 100% recyclable and can be recycled endlessly without loss in quality or purity.
Glass Recycling Process
With some material related variations, glass recycling process has the following steps:
Step 1 – Collection
Different types of glass items end up in waste piles and recycle bins after serving their purpose or breaking. These are collected using a country-wide network which includes:
- Rag-Pickers
- Waste Collectors
- Waste Dealers and
- Recycling Enterprises
Upon collecting glass waste, it is transported to the nearest sorting facilities for further processing.
Step 2 – Sorting
Different types of glasses are prepared by the addition of different chemicals and slight variation in manufacturing processes.
Because of this, glass waste is sorted based on its color to increase recycling efficiency.
Step 3 – Cullet Production
Once the waste glass is sorted, it is then turned into tiny pieces also known as ‘cullets’ by means of crushing and grinding. Cullets can formed of different sizes depending on the requirements.
Step 4 – De-Contamination Process
All types of waste including glass waste (or in this case cullets) are riddled with different types of contaminants. If contaminants are allowed to remain in the glass cullet, the quality of recycled glass can be affected like having structural defects. In order to recycle glass properly, it is imperative to get rid of these contaminants.
Different contaminants can be processed in the following manner:
- Metallic contaminates are passed through a magnet.
- Paper and plastic contaminants are picked up manually or through an automated process.
- Ceramic contaminants are removed via sieving where finely ground glass cullet is made to pass through various screens.
If, however, ceramic contaminants do pass through the various screens together with the glass cullet, the quality of the recycled glass will be affected. Ceramic contaminants in glass can lead to structural defects.
Step 5 – De-colorizing and Dyeing
Glass cullet does not necessarily match the desired color for the end product. Therefore, to produce recycled glass of the desired color, the glass cullet needs to undergo glass de-colorizing in the glass recycle process, followed by dyeing.
The de-colorizing process involves oxidizing the melted glass cullet.
- For Green Glass: The oxidation process turns the deep dark green color to yellow-green color. A chemical known as manganese oxide is then mixed with the glass cullet to it grey. The grey base is usually used as the primary color to which various other coloring dyes or agents are added to develop glass of various colors.
- For Brown or Amber-Colored Glass: Zinc oxide is added instead to oxidize the brown glass cullet to blue or green cullet, depending on the quantity of zinc oxide added and the richness of the brown or amber-colored glass being recycled.
- For Clear Recycled Glass: Erbium oxide and Manganese oxide are added to the glass cullet to help clear all the colors from the glass cullet.
Some of the most commonly used coloring agents for dyeing of recycled glass include:
- Borax
- Potassium Permanganate
- Zinc Oxide
- Erbium Oxide
- Cobalt Carbonate
- Neodymium Oxide
- Titanium Dioxide.
Step 6 – Making recycled glass products
To make recycled glass products, the glass cullet, clear or colored is melted and molded into the desired glass products like bottles, jars, containers, etc.
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